Thinking-Christianly

Committed to Christian Thought and Reflection

Browsing Posts published in April, 2008

Kevin DeYoung and Ted Kluck have produced an interesting critique of the emergent movement in their book Why We’re Not Emergent. (Moody Press, 2008) Both of them describe themselves as candidates for the emergent movement because of their age and their willingness to critique the failings of modern evangelicalism. Kevin is a pastor in a reformed church. Ted is a professional writer, mostly of sports related books. They agree with the emergent diagnoses in many places. But they are troubled by the remedies that emergent writers advocate.

DeYoung and Kluck treat emergent and emerging as synonymous. They recognize that some would make a distinction between the two, but argue that it would be cumbersome, if not impossible, to address every position on the emergent spectrum individually. De Young and Kluck direct their analysis at the writers of the movement, realizing that even though the writers may not be representative of all in the movement, these emergent authors espouse ideas that need to be addressed. The cadre of emergent writers they respond to includes Scott McNight, Erwin McManus, Rob Bell, and Brian McLaren. I can understand their rationale for combining emerging and emergent, but it would have been helpful if they had made some distinctions between those writers whom they deem unorthodox and those who are theologically orthodox, but emergent in style. In any case, these kinds of distinctions can be problematical when analyzing such a diverse group of authors.

DeYoung is the technician of the two, filling his chapters with extensive footnotes. Kluck writes in a more experiential manner, reflecting (almost in blog fashion) on the emergent books he reads and the encounters he has with emergent and non-emergent leaders. DeYoung and Kluck alternate chapters, so reading the book is a bit like browsing through two books at once.

DeYoung and Kluck address what they consider to be critical issues with the emergent position. They challenge the notion that spiritual formation is about the journey rather than the destination. They question the emergent idea that uncertainty is a virtue and that agnosticism is preferable to certainty—even certainty of limited truth. They challenge the idea that knowing Christ is superior to knowing about Christ, and in some mystical way may not even require the latter. They dispute the notion that theology is somehow antithetical to rightly knowing Jesus.  They contend that  theological and doctrinal categories did exist before the age of modernism and are not a result of that age, as some emergent writers believe. They argue against the emergent belief that orthopraxy (right behavior) is the new orthodoxy, and that compassionate and moral behavior removes the need for accurate doctrine.

Why We’re Not Emergent raises excellent questions about some of the presuppositions that are common within the emergent movement. Any emergent ministry will look different from its emergent cousins, but DeYoung and Kluck give the reader some questions to apply to particular emergent approaches to spiritual formation. It’s those questions that makes the book most useful.

It’s difficult to name an organization in such a way that you accurately describe the purpose of the entity. The National Rifle Association (NRA) primarily advocates the private ownership of firearms. The name is not misleading, but it’s not totally clear. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is a more comprehensive title, and encompasses much of its mission.

Sometimes the name of an organization remains static while its mission changes. The Young Women’s Christian Association (YMCA) has evolved to the place where the “Christian” part of the agency has virtually disappeared, and the “young women’s “ is hard to define. In many communities the YMCA builds shelters for abused, battered, and threatened women and their children (of both sexes).

Sometimes the name is chosen to imply an ownership or a mission that is deceptive. The National Organization of Women (NOW) advocates for women who represent a certain political and social agenda, as does CWA (Concerned Women for America).  Perhaps the most obvious examples of a name choice that are designed to mislead is the name dictatorships and totalitarian states give themselves. The title People’s Republic of China is a state that is neither republic nor populist.

In Fargo, one organization calls itself the Freethinkers. The title implies an open-mindedness in the area of thought, reflection, discourse, and debate. In reality, the group argues for the elimination of certain kinds of expression in the public square. Statements that reflect Judeo-Christian beliefs should not appear on public property. In recent years, this group has argued for the removal of an old monument on which the laws of Moses’ Decalogue appear.

Given people’s inattention to significance of any inscription on any monument on public property, the objections seem more symbolic than substantive. I have yet to meet anyone whose life was transformed by carved words on a stone—unless it was their headstone. (And the change happened before the headstone was put into place!)

If some expressions have no place in the public forum, then someone will have to decide what stays and what goes. The question then becomes , “What is the standard we apply here?” In our post-modern culture, that standard will be arbitrary because of the rejection of absolutes. So the issue devolves into the battle for power and control where groups battle to define and enforce their definition of what is fair.

If freethinking was as inclusive as the name implies, it might welcome all ideas to the table and challenge people to seek truth based on evidence and logic without imposing a naturalistic grid on the process. But that would be redundant in some ways. Wherever Biblical Christianity has shaped a culture, it has done simply that. (Admittedly, “Christianity” that abandoned the ethics and values of Christ often produced repression and injustice. But the failure of aberrant Christianity in no way destroys the integrity of the original Christian ethic.)

Christianity does not fear sharing the marketplace of ideas with other worldviews. It can easily stand up in the area of ideas. And it endorses the kind of free thinking that allows all ideas a seat at the table.

The current political climate is marked with hostility and contention as individuals compete for places of power and authority. Pundits debate whether or not the current climate is more negative, more vitriolic than in the past. Whether it is or not, it reflects a tension as old as the human race. We are desperate for good leaders and perpetually at odds with each other about who qualifies as worthy of our trust.

 

Somewhere in the common list of qualities we seek are such qualities as wise, just, compassionate, courageous, honest, visionary, relational, fair-minded, and balanced. Finding such a person among the race of men is an enormous challenge. There will come a time when the earth finds security under such a ruler, according to the Bible. It will coincide with the reign of Christ as depicted in Revelation chapter 20. That period in history will fulfill the hope reflected in Psalm 67:4 “May the nations be glad and sing for joy, for you rule the peoples justly and guide the nations of the earth.”

 

Some mistakenly view the rule of Christ as oppressive. It will instead be a time when repression and corruption are dealt with using a perfect balance of mercy and justice. It will be a time when the citizens of his kingdom will be able to flourish in ways we cannot today. It will be an age in which our greatest aspirations find their expression in his loving leadership over mankind.

 

Our human inclinations to desire a righteous government will not find their fulfillment in any political campaign. We ought to labor toward the most just and compassionate society man can create. Our participation in this process is an important obligation. But in the end that which we long for will be fulfilled only in Christ. Our best efforts are but a shadow of what the rightful ruler of our lives has in store for those who trust in him.

The ACLU this week persuaded a judge to rule against the Tangipahoa Parish School Board in Louisiana. The issue was that on one day during the school year 5th graders could pick up a Bible from a visiting Gideon if they wanted to.

The judge ruled that “Distribution of Bibles is a religious activity without a secular purpose.” That raises two interesting questions.

First of all, what constitutes religious activity? In the mind of many, I suspect that religious activity would include praying, reading sacred documents, and worship. But such activities are only a fraction of what Biblical Christianity advocates. Jesus and his disciples urged his followers to love their neighbors, care for orphans and widows, and embrace moral actions that honor God. If children or teachers in school were to engage in such behavior as part of their religious devotion to Christ, should such behavior be banned? Should a teenager be prohibited from bringing comfort to a peer who loses their sister in a car accident if her motivation is spiritually grounded? The notion that religious activity can be compartmentalized into certain kinds of actions reflects a significant misunderstanding of the Christian faith.

The second question is, “What constitutes as secular purpose?” Is a secular purpose one which is non-religious? Or must it be anti-religious? Who decides? Is harassment of a student acceptable or not? If it is deemed bad behavior, on what grounds? If we take a utilitarian approach to interaction in the schoolyard, what determines whose definitions we use in that context? The “secular purpose” eventually becomes whatever an individual or an elite group prefers.

The problem with arriving at a secular purpose is that some moral propositions must be in play. Without some guidelines chaos will prevail. And the choice of what those will be is either going to be arbitrary and subjective or based on some kind of objective standard. Appealing to the notion, “Most educators believe” or “Most judges have ruled” is still subjective, since truth is not the byproduct of human opinions. A public schoolroom ultimately will be ruled by force and coercion if there are no supra-cultural values.

Recent conversations remind me of the offense of the message Jesus Christ taught. There is a resistance, even among “nice” people, to the clear teaching of the Bible.

1 Corinthians 1: 18 notes, “For the message of the cross is foolishness to those who are perishing.”  The message of the cross is more than the message of Christ’s death and resurrection. It’s the message of all he taught and all he endorsed—which encompasses the entire Bible. The modern mind distrusts much in this ancient document.

  • The idea that life after death is accessible only through Jesus seems unfair and restrictive to many.
  • The notion that obedience to Jesus is part of authentic faith lacks appeal to those of us raised in a democracy who are addicted to the idea of personal autonomy.
  • The teaching that our personal morality should be defined by the ethical teachings of scripture cuts against our desire to determine which ethical commands we will follow and which we will ignore.

The sad result is that many of us who claim allegiance to Jesus Christ behave in ways that contradict his teaching.  We relish our liberty to do so. But our passion to elevate our standards of behavior above the dated expectations of scripture only impoverish our lives and make of us shadow Christians—individuals who reflect a fragmented picture of the values and character of our savior.

Sometimes a person will argue that an idea should be rejected because it comes from a particular source. This objection is a kind of “guilt by association.” It’s a type of reductive logic error known as the genetic fallacy. One common example of this fallacy is the person who argues against the idea of defining family as a one-man, one-woman relationship because their opponent finds support for their counter-argument in the Bible.

On a broader level, sometimes proponents of a particular idea will maintain that their adversaries are wrong because they are religious. They presume that holding religious values invalidates the truth of what their opponents affirm. The obvious difficulty with this position is that it is a red herring. It does not argue from the truth value of the proposition itself. It simply dismisses it because of some unrelated issue that the opponent may find objectionable in itself.

This fallacy commonly occurs in the creation science debate. The argument is that if creationism is taught in scripture, then it must be rejected—because it is found in scripture and not because of the evidence for or against that notion. Using similar logic, one could argue that any assertion of property rights or that manslaughter is wrong should be challenged because these concepts, too, are found in the Bible.

Having seen Ben Stein’s Expelled movie on its opening day, I’d like to make a few observations without providing a spoiler for those who wish to see the film.

I was impressed with the caliber of individuals Stein was able to interview for the film. Instead of quoting Richard Dawkins, Ben Stein interviews him. Instead of speaking about Dr. Guillermo Gonzalez, Stein chats with him.

Stein’s interviews are also lengthy, not tightly cut into small phrases that can be more easily manipulated.

The movie uses an extended black and white metaphor related to the Berlin Wall to visually illustrate the wall that academia is erecting to block out ideas that are not favorable to Darwinism.

Stein probes the cultural threats if Darwinism takes people to the logical conclusions of its premise. I found those implications to be the most troubling part of the film. My guess is they were supposed to evoke that reaction.

Stein approaches the film with a mused, “I’m looking for answers,” attitude. The film is not as humorous as the trailer I saw on the net, but it does reflect Stein’s dry wit.

As you might expect from the title. Stein seeks to help create an academic environment where scientists, regardless of their world view or prejudices, are free to follow the evidence wherever it may lead. That sounds like a fruitful objective to me.

It’s not often that a movie is released that attempts to take a serious look a a cultural issue with theological implications. Ben Stein’s movie Expelled attempts to do just that.

I’ve not watched the movie, but the promotional material at least suggests that it asks some worthy questions about the place of free inquiry in the academic community. One would hope that an academia that could embrace courses in pornography, witchcraft, UFOs and militant Islam could find a way to allow the discussion of ideas in the fields of mathematics, biology, chemistry, and physics that might not all support the Darwinian presuppositions. Should those who are not fully convinced of the core tenants of Darwinism be permitted to ask questions without losing their jobs, forfeiting tenure, and being blacklisted from academic circles?

The question is really not one of origins, but of freedom of thought in public institutions. I’m looking forward to see what issues the film raises about such freedoms. (Starts April 18, 2008 nationwide.)

 

One logical fallacy you see frequently is called the straw man fallacy. In this case, a party characterizes the views and ideas of their opponent in a distorted, negative way. And then they look at this mischaracterization and say in effect, “See how wrong it is!” Using this argument, a Christian might portray an atheist as a sociopath and urge others to reject anything the atheist might say. Conversely, the critic of Christianity might argue that anyone who holds to creationism doesn’t believe dinosaurs existed and believes the earth was created in 4004 B.C. This fallacy is unhelpful and arrogant because it puts me in a place where I define my opponents views in a prejudiced way, and then demolish those views without allowing my opponent the opportunity to state their case.

Another fallacy is the pragmatic argument. It argues that you should accept an idea as true because it works. The common retort, “Whatever works for you!” reflects this attitude. There are two difficulties with this approach. First of all the idea of what “it works” means is usually vague and undefined. It may frequently achieve some goal I favor, but that does not mean it is true. If I take mega-doses of vitamin C when I have a cold and the cold goes away in a week or less, I might pronounce vitamin C as a cure for the common cold. That does not prove my assumption to be true. Almost anything sold in an infomercial has individuals who will claim that it did everything it promised to do. But that does not settle the issue of the truthfulness of the claim.

One common variation of this in the Christian community is the argument, “Try Jesus, he works!” This kind of claim is antithetical to the New Testament gospel. Paul, for example, never preached about Jesus because he “works” but because the claims he made to be the savior and the son of God who conquered death were true. The pragmatic argument reduces Jesus to a trial size of toothpaste.

A logical argument sometimes fails when it appeals to authority. At best, it’s a weaker appeal because it takes the argument one step away from the evidence. Authorities called by the prosecution and defense in a trial will often disagree. To understand the issues better, you still have to look at the evidence that the authorities base their conclusions on. Sometimes authorities speak outside their area of expertise. In this case they are using their status in one area to convince you to believe their opinions about something else. This is dangerous because it’s an argument based on their credibility regarding competencies not related to the issue at hand. This is a common approach when someone recruits a movie or television personality to pitch a product or service.

When Christians use this argument, they may assert, “Billy Graham said,” or “[insert personality here] teaches.” But such arguments usually fail because they try to cash in on the credibility of a well-known person rather than draw the conversation to the evidence.

The argument, “The Bible says…” can fall into the same category if the person on the other side of the argument questions the veracity of the Bible. In that case, you may need to demonstrate the evidence for the reliability of scripture and then return to the principle or doctrine at hand. If the person is not willing to explore the evidence for the reliability of the Bible, their objection is probably a smokescreen that covers their personal prejudice. An a priori rejection of the Bible combined with an unwillingness to examine that position often shuts the door to any kind of logical discourse on the subject.

Another fallacy is an appeal to the past or future. Sometimes you hear someone argue that a position should be rejected because it is old. It may have come from the Old Testament or the time of the Puritans, or it may be dated way back to last year. Unlike prescription medicine, truth does not come with a time stamp on it. The core issue is whether a truth matches reality, not when it was first articulated.

On the opposite side, another argument is that some future evidence will prove my position. Maybe I’m losing thousands investing in pork bellies today, but if I borrow more money I’ll hit it rich some day.  The appeal to the future is not a logical appeal. None of us live in the future and we cannot predict what will happen. The argument about truth is about the world as we understand it today, not how it might be tomorrow.

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